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Using cryptocurrency and blockchain perfect competition noun the situation prevailing in a market in which buyers and sellers are so numerous and well informed that all elements of monopoly are absent and the market price of a commodity is beyond the control of individual buyers and sellers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_competition A large number of buyers and sellers – A large number of consumers with the willingness and ability to buy the product at a certain price, and a large number of producers with the willingness and ability to supply the product at a certain price. Perfect information – All consumers and producers know all prices of products and utilities they would get from owning each product. Homogeneous products – The products are perfect substitutes for each other, (i.e., the qualities and characteristics of a market good or service do not vary between different suppliers). Well defined property rights – These determine what may be sold, as well as what righ...

Crosscutting concepts helps in transfer of learning in all domains and are important tools for making sense of phenomena that can be observed and the mental model is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world. Patterns : Observed patterns of forms and events guide organization and classification of prompt questions about relationships and factors that influence them.   e.g. How would you classify introvert and extroverts by looking at the patterns? What are the similarities and differences between them? Is introversion or extroversion comes under a spectrum or is dichotomous (mutually exclusive). Do introverts pull themselves further towards extreme introversion after knowing they are introverts (The Self-fulfilling prophecy in the beginning, a false definition of the situation, evoking a new behavior which makes the originally false conception come true. )? What are the advantages and disadvantages of introverts and extroverts? Key...

Competitive Collaboration Algorithm: It's a decentralized network where you compete to collaborate. Edge weight represents difficulty to get connected. Difficulty depends on factors such as distance, location, quality, price. We need to choose subgraph containing all the required nodes (e.g. nodes containing a,b,c,d ) that has a minimum weight or optimal weight. a,b,c,d can represent different services, whereas a1, a2 represents the same services from a different service provider. For example, 'a' can represent a student, 'b' can represent a teacher, 'c' can represent content provider such as a biology textbook and 'd' can represent a classroom or building. Similarly  'b1' represents teacher1, 'b2' represents teacher2, etc. So, For student1 (a1), the optimum subgraph or subgraph with minimum weight containing all the required services are a1,b1,c2, d2 with weight 0.5+2.3+4.2 . Usefulness of the model: 1) Prediction: One can make a pr...

Why there is reproducibility? Reproducibility : The structure defines the function. So similar structure will have a similar function. But why do we have a similar structure at first? Recursion: A structure has got the function that produces many similar structures. e.g. A Cell has a structure that divides into two cells with a similar structure. Final Question: What are the features or attributes required to produce a structure that has got the function to produce many similar structures? It depends on what kind of function you want? Or what kind of structure you want?

Designed by Nidhi Mishra The public distribution system is inefficient in terms of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and lacks inclusiveness. You can view the fallouts of PDS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_distribution_system Apps can solve the basic social security problem, bring healthy habits of spending money and can be used to run experiments, test it and improve it to get the best results. Features: 1) API endpoints that any app developer can use and integrate it with their e-commerce apps.  Separate types of account for seller and customer. 2) Statistics about how you spending money. General statistics should be publicly available, where experts can review, critic and improve the results. 3) Tagged money, which means you can buy only particular types of products with that money. e.g. Tagged money for grocery, or tagged money for cooked food, or tagged money for education which gets transferred to the seller in untagged form.  Poss...

Children will take another 20 years to add value to the economy. How to? 1) Terminate all rote learning content , and provide them with pedagogically sound recent content. Let content be the syllabus. 2) Provide personalized education, and address learning deficit of students. 3) Bring projects under peer review, and make the project open access if it's not patentable. 4) Ask the teacher to unlearn almost everything they learned during schools and colleges. Use evidence, evidence, and evidence . 5) Make exams analytical and cue-based , not the reproduction of the text of books. 6) Pay the teacher well, so that teachership will be treated as a respectable job. 

Step 1: Make the language of the question confusing and difficult to understand. Step 2: Solving must require information that is difficult to remember or recall from memory such as shortcut formulas, unfamiliar terminology. Step 3: Make the calculation extremely hard and don't give them a calculator. Step 4: Must use concepts that are not taught in class or without supplying good content , or taught with bad pedagogy without using retrieval and spacing strategies that help the concepts to stick in the memory, questions must be completely different from classroom practice questions. And give the question that requires knowledge of whole without practicing its components . As most students will not be able to solve it, it perfectly qualifies as HOTs question. An example HOTs question: Shuffle A-Z sequence, create a new sequence, give a whole day to remember it, and ask them to write in a high stake exam. Also again ask all the sequence you have remembered in a week or weeks, in the...

Are CBSE and other boards designing the syllabus and curriculum by the sweat of their brow by attending the feedbacks, research, and evidence? Our education system should remain brother's keeper to all children of the worlds second populated country.  Why an unstructured syllabus with low-quality and pedagogically unsound content be continued even after everyone knows emperor is naked. [youtube=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgmTI5LKkxQ&w=320&h=266] They could have made it more structured, with the recommendation of open access contents (such as openstax) for each topic or whitelisting of content.  How much time does it take for experts? A month will be sufficient. It will also create demand for authors and publishers to meet the pedagogical need of students. There is a trade-off,  between adapting to the newly changed content and enhancing the quality of content.  But it could have been done slowly. If a new drugs work better than old drugs, the longer it t...

All biometric data should be encrypted. During authentication, the user needs to provide both aadhar number and password. So only the user can decrypt and access the biometric data. Biometrics of the little finger can be kept in the unencrypted form, to remove duplicates. In case you forget the password: One has to submit the aadhaar number and little finger biometrics to obtain another. The ciphertext of aadhaar number should be replaced with new ciphertext (obtained from new password) In case you lost both (Password and Aadhaar Number): The person must come under scrutiny and old aadhaar number should be removed by using his/her little finger, and new aadhaar number can be given. To change the password: Enter the old password and aadhaar number, match the ciphertext with your fingerprint and then replace the ciphertext with new password. All the steps should be done in aadhaar center. The python code: from Crypto.Cipher import AES obj = AES.new('Aadhaar No:1234567891012', AES...

Study material covers the latest developments on the subject No, seems it is not updated since 2010. e.g.  It talks about popular browser of Linux are Netscape Navigator. The contents of the study material are well organized Yes, the organization of content is too good. Learning objectives, then content based on learning objectives, practice questions after each section. Space at the margin to take notes. Aim and objectives of the courses are clearly explained in study materials No, Even though it uses narration techniques, it does a good job in introduction sections, but it fails to explain intelligibly for concepts that are hard to understand and are abstract. Also, the text is ambiguous, confusing without precise definitions and language. The study materials provided a broad overview in the field of knowledge Yes. The learning objectives cover broad overview. But MCA lacks choice and diversity. Programming languages like python and R should be introduced in MCA. Version controll...

Learning Objectives To convert Roman numbers to Hindu-Arabic numbers What are the big ideas that students have to learn? 1) Memorizing these Roman Symbols with their respective Hindu-Arabic value 2) When to do addition and when to do subtraction based upon the position of  Roman Symbols 1) Memorizing these Roman Symbols with their respective Hindu-Arabic value Without memorizing the mapping of Roman Symbols to its respective Hindu-Arabic value, students can't reach their learning outcomes. The mapping is very hard to memorize. So it's critical to provide them memory tricks for it. Kids usually know 1) I means 1 2) V means 5 3) X means 10 But what about other symbols, here are the memory tricks that students have to imagine. 4) L means 50 So tell them L means (L)ake, and Lake is half filled (50%) 5) C means 100 Tell them C means see and see is a full (100%) eye 6) D means 500 Choose a student whose name starts with D and give him/her a Rs 500 7) M means 1000 The child gave Rs 10...

Universal Basic Income is a welfare regime in which all citizens (or permanent residents) of a country receive a regular, liveable and unconditional sum of money, from the government. The central claim that UBI tries to solve is the end of poverty and financial insecurity by the indsicriminatory supply of free money which can be exchanged to buy your basic need requirements. But the problem lies with execution and design that nullify the damaging possibilities speculated by the critics. Speculation: It disincentivizes people to work, so can create an adverse condition for wealth creation. A proposed elaborative solution: Morally, the basic required need for survival such as food, clothing, shelter are not incentives. Its a fundamental right of the people. But biologically, these are the incentives to pacify our hunger or appetite. Food, clothing, shelter are basic needs for survival, but we need lot more for thriving. One of the essentials to thrive is education that nourishes our memo...

Let's start with a Twitter Joke: Conversation over breakfast. ME: Whoa, you lost another tooth? A: Yes! ME: Why didn't you tell me? A: I'm conducting an experiment. If I lose a tooth and don't tell anyone, will the tooth fairy still come? If not, then I know the tooth fairy isn't real. ME: ... HUSBAND: 😮 A small introduction to true experiments True experiments involve changing one variable and then measuring another. A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is a variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is a variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. Independent variable: Cause Dependent variable: Effect The researcher is looking for the possible effect on the dependent variable that might be cause...

Inviting suggestions on rationalising curriculum/ syllabus/ subject contents for class I to class XII with the objective of all round development of students "It has been envisioned that in order to develop a fairer and more egalitarian society comprising of well-balanced human beings, in addition to cognitive and analytical skills,adequate attention on activities like life skills, experiential learning,health and physical education, sports, visual and performing arts,literary & creative skills, and work based education are indispensable. Though the existing curriculum does incorporate these skills, however, the load of curriculum in cognitive and analytical area seems to be so heavy that students practically do not get much time to develop skills in other areas. In order to balance the curriculum for cognitive and analytical areas with curriculum in other life skills including creativity and sports, specific suggestions are invited from teachers, academics, students, parents ...

Why question designing should be brain-friendly and cue based? Evidence: Applying Science of Learning in Education (Society for the Teaching of Psychology) We make up stories, Memory is reconstructive not reproductive Reconstructive memory refers to the way memories are pieced together from bits of information. Memories are not perfectly formed, and they depend on outside influences to develop the whole picture. These influences can be anything, such as a person's own expectations or suggestions from other people. People want to believe that memories are perfect and not able to be molded by information outside of the memory. However, in memory recall, there are blind spots. The brain fills in those gaps, and that is reconstructive memory. When recollecting a memory, a person will remember pieces of it and, in order to form a whole memory, they add to it, or reconstruct it. Reference Video https://www.ibiology.org/neuroscience/what-we-think-we-become/ Examples of cue based question...

Review of Five morally dubious educational ideas  : https://gregashman.wordpress.com/2018/01/22/five-morally-dubious-educational-ideas/ 1) Should we abolish exams? No, it should be a part of the assessment Let it come under peer review. Let them retake assessment till they have not reached their goals. It's more to do with designing of questions in exams, what is taught and quality of formative assessment to make the exam successful. Standardized testing only to test the foundational learning that is required for every child or every child of the specific stream. 2) Students should engage in projects and inquiry learning Yes, they should engage, but in a guided manner, where teacher or mentor will scaffold the entire process. Projects and inquiry learning is only a part of learning and is not complete, explicit teaching is as important as inquiry learning. 3) Education is preparation for future employment No education is preparation for self-employment, self-rel...